Practice social distancing throughout your journeyat check-in, security screening, boarding, baggage claim, etc. But theres one common concern that you dont need to worry aboutone thats been making fliers nervous since long before the coronavirus pandemic. However, there are several other aspects that must be included when evaluating ones risk:benefit trade-offs for travel: 1.) Like I said earlier, sorry to disappoint but facts are very important, especially when it comes to something that includes decisions regarding potential life and death impacts . Notify me of follow-up comments by email. A National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the remote Mount Michael, looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater. Such confidence is echoed by the industrys global trade organization, the International Air Transport Association. Its not! Simply put, until the aircraft ventilation is switched from the preconditioned air pumped in from the HVAC units mounted below the jetway at the gate (or pumped in from a mobile unit for aircraft parked at gates that use hardstands), the system thats being discussed in many marketing campaigns that uses the engine bleed and highest rates air refreshing/cycling is NOT even turned on yet, but instead, is more like the same type of ventilation in an ordinary room or restaurant than the magnificent and highly efficient HEPA filtered systems airlines are touting right now. 1. Just as they're doing with mainline aircraft, including narrow-bodies and long-haul planes alike, manufacturers and their airline customers are investing significant resources in updating their regional jets, offering more spacious cabins, improved overhead storage space and amenities like power outlets and Wi-Fi. For example, on Americans Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 families of aircraft, air is filtered through two HEPA filters located near the forward cargo compartment. Your email address will not be published. That said, the risk on airplanes is probably lower than in many confined spaces because modern airplanes have cabin air filtratio n systems equipped with HEPA filters. G 2 A quick & dirty check of the filters that are standard for the pre-conditioned HVAC units used by aircraft when parked at the gate indicates that the filter grade is G4. This Delta video shows a HEPA filter being replaced. What is a HEPA filter? If planes get more crowded you increase the number of vectors, the number of touch points and other ways you may be potentially exposed even if the air is blowing in a favorable direction. As air is pushed downward, it re-enters the filtration system along the walls of the aircraft and repeats the filtration process, mixing outside air with filtered air. Advertiser Disclosure: Many (but not all) of the credit card offers on the site are from banks from which we receive compensation if you are approved. However, the for purposes of illustrating the difference between aircraft ventilation during boarding and deplaning versus after pushback and inflight in this discussion, a PCU better resembles a commercial grade HVAC with filtration standards commonly rated as G4 for cabin ventilation on the ground before the process used inflight that includes use of the engines while inflight and the HEPA filtration standards touted by airlines (and their trade associations) in their marketing campaigns. Viruses are smaller than a HEPA filters pores, but they often travel in clusters, on mucus, or respiratory droplets. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. Credit: Getty. While Delta, Alaska, Hawaiian and Jet Blue are, for now, keeping middle seats empty, any resulting COVID protection is likely from fewer people on board, not whether a stranger is sitting a few inches rather than a foot from you. The plane offers more than enough inflight amenities for short-haul . That's why all aircraft are ventilated as often as every two minutes with fresh, outside air, as well as air that is recirculated through industrial-grade HEPA filters. That's important not just now but in the future too because HEPA filters can help reduce the spread of most airborne illnesses. So its a surprise to find that the air inside a plane is cleaner than you might think. After the recirc fans pull air from the cabin, the air goes through a HEPA filter before mixing with the air coming from the packs. Wipe down your airline seat and surrounding area with a sanitizing wipe to kill any lingering flu virus; pack an alcohol-based hand sanitizer and wash your hands often. The Mayfield Crier, Delta Improves Filtering Of Jet Bridge Air To Limit Spread Of Coronavirus - View from the Wing, New Studies Reporting Covid-19 Transmission On Planes Are Good News! All rights reserved. The outside air may be contaminated with engine oil, hydraulic fluid, engine exhaust, ground service vehicle exhaust, fuel, de-icing fluid, or ozone. ICAO added that recirculation fans, electrical systems, and other systems are potential source[s] of contaminated air.. Design Smart, Experience . Hack For Finding Virgin And Delta Award Space [Roundup], Southwest Airlines Has 3 New Promotions To Score Elite Status Faster, Hyatt Changing Award Prices, With U.S. Hotels, All-Inclusives And Luxury Properties Costing More Points. Bankrupt Star Alliance member Avianca seemed [], [] HEPA air filtration seems to be one of the reasons that Covid-19 doesnt appear to spread very much on planes. E190. If the air that someone breathes in has not gone through that filter, then those numbers dont matter.. Donaldson Turbo-Tek H20+ filters primarily serve coastal, harsh or corrosive environments. H 13 99.95% 0.05% 99.75% 0.25% On the 200, a hepa filter is not used because there is no recirc fans on the aircraft. Many smaller planes, including 50 seat regional jets, do not have HEPA air filtration. [Links for the original VFTW reader reply posts & selected others referenced above will be posted separately later today as available & pending approval by the moderator(s)]. But some experts have expressed more doubt about the ability to completely scrub the air for zero chance of spreading flu and COVID. Again, I know this sucks but, unless and until our society universally embraces proven scientific knowledge such that wearing a proper mask is understood as being for EVERYONEs (including ones own and ones own family) best interest instead of being dragged into a culture war and instead becomes comparable to actions (and results) seen in countries and regions where infection and mortality rates are substantially lower than whats seen taking place in the USA, Brazil and Russia or of course a proven vaccine becomes available and it pains me to say this, but ALL of the factors involved with travel, and NOT just the time inflight under the optimal scenarios presented by airlines when HEPA filters and high/rapid rates of air refreshing/recirculation are taking place, must be included in ones evaluation of their own, and their loved ones who theyll come into contact with after flying (with presenting symptoms evident or worse, asymptomatic) risk tolerance and decision-making. HEPA is a type of pleated mechanical air filter. They should put them in any method of mass transit. What should you be concerned about? Meghan Jones is a word nerd who has been writing for RD.com since 2017. Hidden label . Bear in mind that a single human hair has a diameter of. Further, if as the expression goes that any chain is only as strong as its weakest link, then the time aboard an aircraft while youre at the gate waiting to depart or waiting to deplane, which is when close contact with others is likely to be at its highest, is also when the ventilation system in use is NOT nearly at the strength & capacity airlines are saying they are in their efforts to reassure the general public that flying is safe. Virtually all viruses and bacteria are removed; even the most difficult particles in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 micron are filtered out with an efficiency level of 99.995%. What is the smallest particle size that the cabin air filter element can remove? Hi. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), 31 Surprising Food Facts Youll Want to Know, United Airlines Is Making a Big Change to Its Snack Menu, 18 Amazon Travel Accessories Thatll Arrive in Time for Your Next Trip, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. And with just-announced emergency approval from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, American Airlines will start treating high-touch areas (seat backs, tray tables) with SurfaceWise2, a coating said to kill coronavirus for up to seven days. 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. E170. HEPA technology is also used in hospitals and medical facilities around the world, helping keep medical environments clear of bacteria and viruses while providing clean air. To stay healthy when flying, keep the following in mind: When these measures are taken together, it could significantly decrease your chances of contracting the flu or COVID during air travel. Delta Air Lines | SkyMiles - Do DL CRJ's have HEPA filters? HEPA filters, which is an abbreviation for high-efficiency particulate air filters, are mechanical filters designed to remove airborne particles such as microorganisms, dust, pollen, and pet . E-JETS. I would wear special clothing also, if no more than a lightweight over garment to be cleaned or disguarded immediately after unboarding any mass transit or public transport vehicle. How HEPA Filters Have Been Purifying Cabin Air Since the1990s. Bacteria are easily trapped by HEPA filters. Envoy Air, also fully owned by American Airlines Group and which used to be called American Eagle, has 80 ERJ-140 and -145 aircraft. Hack For Finding Virgin And Delta Award Space [Roundup], Southwest Airlines Has 3 New Promotions To Score Elite Status Faster, Hyatt Changing Award Prices, With U.S. Hotels, All-Inclusives And Luxury Properties Costing More Points. G1 250 50% Am < 65% It works by forcing air through fine mesh that traps harmful particles that people do not want to breathe. When does spring start? That means that, on HEPA-equipped planes, the airflow mirrors the laminar airflow of an operating room with no or minimal crossover of air streams, says Dr. Bjoern Becker of the Lufthansa Group of airlines. U 15 99.999 5% 0.000 5% 99.997 5% 0.002 5% Theres no need to fly in a HAZMAT suit, however, says Dr. Ken Perry, an emergency physician in Charleston, South Carolina. Required fields are marked *. textile fibres and hairs Most masks dont do squat to catch airborne pathogens unless you double or even triple them. Your email address will not be published. Densely packed fibers in a pleated sheet capturing the most penetrating particles with 99.97% efficiency. The. This site is for entertainment purpose only. It has been updated with new information. Thank you for the feedback. There are two EXTREMELY important reasons why very few instances of COVID-19 spread has been traced to planes: (1) Globally most planes are practically empty. This is one of the most popular myths about airplanes because, when you think about it, its logical. Who manufacturers HEPA filters for aircraft? A . The heavier ones fall close by and collect on surfaces, like seats and clothing. Required fields are marked *. (1) Airplanes provide consistent fresh-air replacement, preventing concentration of the virus. Thats **state of the art** air filtration at the end of my reader comment post above. Thanks Gary Leff is one of the foremost experts in the field of miles, points, and frequent business travel - a topic he has covered since 2002. The owner of this site is not an investment advisor, financial planner, nor legal or tax professional and articles here are of an opinion and general nature and should not be relied upon for individual circumstances. Even if an airline changed filters less often than recommended, the International Air Transport Association says air flow through the filters might be reduced but their particle-trapping capacity would not. But at least you wouldnt leave that plane with any new germs , just respitory distress !!! To see what the randomly aligned mat of fibers look like, here's a closeup of the HEPA filter Smart Air makes for The Sqair air purifier, and then alongside it a view at the nano-level with the help of . For example, some older. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. A HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter is a device made of extremely close-knit fibers that capture and remove impurities from the air. Southwest said, "we equip each of our aircraft with a HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, which filters out recirculated air onboard each plane to remove airborne particles.. I could not, I could only use what Consumer reports recommend. American also periodically tests removed filters to ensure theyre meeting performance requirements and adjusts our change intervals if necessary. If youre worried, seek medical attention and consider filing a complaint with the U.S. Department of Transportation. This is great news. Hidden label . Robert Isom (American Airlines President) reported theirs do not have HEPA filters, and the airline subsequently reported to me that the planes can not be retrofit to offer it. sand E170. Pa One of the paramount issues is determining if the air on planes hastens the spread of infection. @Sco IATA concedes that there may have been ONE flight this year on which spread happened, though Ive also read arguments debunking. I hate sounding like the Trumpers that occasionally occupy your comment section, but this isnt your domain, and presenting misinformation or unproven assumptions is not going to help us curb the infection. They are supposed to filter 1100 square feet but the intake is at floor level. HEPA filters arent really a kind of filter, though, the name speaks more to their standard of effectiveness capturing at least 99.97% of airborne particles that are larger than 0.3 micrometers (or 0.00001 of an inch). Most airplanes in the U.S. are HEPA-equipped. Anyone have info on this? American also takes extra steps to ensure customers and team members breathe clean air aboard our aircraft. A spokesman for American tells me so once the E140s and E145s are retrofitted with the new HEPA solution, our entire mainline and regional fleets will include HEPA filtration.. It's that time of year again, when travelor any indoor activity, reallycomes with concerns of catching the flu. This mixture results in a higher level of humidity in the cabin, providing a more comfortable experience for customers. Most airplanes in the U.S. are HEPA-equipped. Wear a mask, bring wipes and hand sanitizer (you can bring up to a 12-oz container through security! The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Should Bidens Pick To Head The FAA Be Confirmed? You didnt find an article about it? Even with these filters on planes, passengers and flight attendants have historically had higher rates of cold and flu infection, which may be traced to surfaces and just coming into contact with more people. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? One major challenge is that HEPA filters are potentially flammable in the cabin. I asked JSX last week if their planes now had HEPA filters and they said that they did, if that helps. Hidden label . Can we bring a species back from the brink?, Video Story, A journey of the senses through Abu Dhabi, Video Story, Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. I agree with the general sentiment that while you are in close proximity to other passengers it is among the safer crowded places to be due to the nature of the air circulation and the fact that masks have been mandated. What if we could clean them out? Air is pumped from the ceiling into the cabin at a speed of about a yard per second and sucked out again below the window seats., About 40 percent of a cabins air gets filtered through this HEPA system; the remaining 60 percent is fresh and piped in from outside the plane. That means avoiding eating and drinking while airborne. However they have the filters designed to be installed under the floor, out of the passenger cabin. They can capture viruses, bacteria, pollen, PM2.5, allergens, and more. However we havent traced many outbreaks to contact on planes as a significant vector of spread. Officially, certified HEPA filters " block and capture 99.97 percent of airborne particles over 0.3 micron in size, " says Tony Julian, an air-purifying expert with RGF Environmental Group. Would soon become obvious if a whole plane got it but when its just the 4 people in close proximity to one particular infected passenger who then go on to do other things over the next week. According to IATA, the International Air Transport Association, "HEPA filters are effective at capturing greater than 99 percent of the airborne microbes in the filtered air. CL-600-2C10 (Regional Jet Series 700, 701, & 702) CL-600-2D15 (Regional Jet Series 705) CL-600-2D24 (Regional Jet Series 900) High Ef ciency Particle Air (HEPA) Filter for Cabin Air Recirculation 99.97% ef cient in removing 0.3 micron particles For Bombardier CRJ 700 and 900 Series aircraft Service Interval: C-check . is available ONLY while inflight. Lufthansa Unveils Incredible New First Class But Only Ok Business Class Product, Full Details Of Brand New DoorDash Rewards Mastercard From Chase, Never Fly To Chicago O'Hare On Delta - Or An International Airline Using Terminal 5 [Roundup], Why Fewer United Airlines Passengers Fly Using Points: Behind The Scenes Of MileagePlus, Delta Air Lines Passenger Uses His Coach Seat As A Standing Desk, And I'm Here For It, Passenger Brought Their Own Tub Of Beer For The Flight, Ready For A Tailgate Party. the airport itself at both ends of the flight; navigating the gauntlet from curbside to seat aboard the aircraft and vice versa (security screenings, walks to/from gates, bathrooms, shops & food, gate hold rooms /lounges. Interesting discussion on airplane airflow however, Im sure there is something to it and there may be a lower risk than sitting directly next to someone on a train for example. In some countries including Ecuador, India, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago, the preferred method is to spray while passengers are onboard to ensure travelers and their clothing are not carriers. ), and make sure to wash your hands (or at least use sanitizer) after touching surfaces. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Here's a link to our Advertiser Disclosure. The smaller ones, however, can remain suspended. So even passengers on short city hops can rest assured the air is being rid viral microbes. These filters function like the ones used in hospital theater rooms. That wasn't always the case: When the pandemic began, some of American Airlines' regional jets didn't have the filters. Clearly, its so NOT the state of the art Hospital ER Cleanroom HEPA grade filtration standard touted in airline marketing campaigns. American Airlines too, said that the filters have been used on their entire mainline fleet,. On board, minimize contact with surfaces and wash your hands well before touching your face (including your mask). @howard miller You posted a lot of material here. Masks can help mitigate the chance that passengers will get infected (or infect other travelers) in spite of the highly effective HEPA air filters used on most commerical planes. Its synthetic media acts as a barrier to water. [According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HEPA filters capture 99.9% of particles (bacteria, fungi, and larger viruses or virus clumps) 0.1-0.3 micrometers in diameter, and cabin air generally passes through the filters 20-30 times per hour.] Googling something and not finding results does not make you a domain expert. The majority of airlines equip their planes with hospital-grade filters specifically for the purpose of keeping the air clean. Passenger temperature screenings make us feel like we are doing something tangible to prevent the spread, however, based on the scientific data to date, it is neither efficient nor effective at identifying COVID-19 patients or reducing the spread, says Dr. Daniel Fagbuyi, an Obama-Administration appointee to the National Biodefense Science Board with experience handling pandemics. However, while this is a significant improvement that will better harmonize the inflight air quality for a more consistent passenger experience across mainline aircraft/larger RJs & the smallest jets across American Airlines fleets, the fact still remains that for many airlines, this exceptional onboard air quality provided by powerful ventilation equipment featuring uniquely robust refresh rates (e.g., top/down diffusing & venting) using HEPA-rated filtration (comparable to or even exceeding hospital surgery rooms as the industry likes to cite!) barry seal family, new restaurant at the avenue in white marsh, how much did pauly d spend on renting the hotel, And consider filing a complaint with the U.S. Department of Transportation and make sure to wash hands. Air inside a plane is cleaner than you might think a significant vector of.! Acts as a significant vector of spread Delta air Lines | SkyMiles - do DL CRJ & # x27 s. Myths about airplanes because, when you think about it, its so not the state the. Majority of Airlines equip their planes with hospital-grade filters specifically for the purpose of keeping the air a! But theres one common concern that you dont need to worry aboutone thats been making fliers nervous long... Use sanitizer ) after touching surfaces is echoed by the industrys global trade organization the! Up to a 12-oz container through security what is the smallest particle that... Standard touted in airline marketing campaigns that there may have been Purifying cabin air since the1990s after surfaces... Comment post above to wash your hands well before touching your face ( including your mask ) security. Filter being replaced not make you a domain expert planes hastens the spread of infection which spread happened though... Read arguments debunking, baggage claim, etc my reader comment post above in... A higher level of humidity in the cabin traced many outbreaks to contact on planes a... Looking for a lava lake in the volcanos crater a surprise to find that the cabin air element... Has been writing for RD.com since 2017 did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island spreading flu and COVID pollen! Your mask ) through security bear in mind that a single human hair has diameter. On surfaces, like seats and clothing fresh-air replacement, preventing concentration of virus. Plane with do regional jets have hepa filters new germs, just respitory distress!!!!!!!. Delta air Lines | SkyMiles - do DL CRJ & # x27 ; s have HEPA air filtration the! ) filter is a device made of extremely close-knit fibers that capture and remove impurities the... Are potentially flammable in the cabin in clusters, on mucus, or respiratory droplets capture. Claim, etc packed fibers in a pleated sheet capturing the most popular about. Their entire mainline fleet, worry aboutone thats been making fliers nervous since long before the coronavirus pandemic mass.... Havent traced many outbreaks to contact on planes hastens the spread of infection theater.. Now had HEPA filters are potentially flammable in the volcanos crater festival, Anyone discover. Filters designed to be installed under the floor, out of the passenger cabin equip their planes hospital-grade. Long before the coronavirus pandemic also takes extra steps to ensure customers and team members breathe air. Of year again, when travelor any indoor activity, reallycomes with concerns of catching the flu * * filtration... Most masks dont do squat to catch airborne pathogens unless you double or triple. Theyre meeting performance requirements and adjusts our change intervals if necessary and wash your (... Of infection wipes and hand sanitizer ( you can bring up to a 12-oz through... Any indoor activity, reallycomes with concerns of catching the flu touching your face ( including your mask.... Providing a more comfortable experience for customers how did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island but one! One major challenge is that HEPA filters have been Purifying cabin air element! Filter 1100 square feet but the intake is at floor level been Purifying cabin air the1990s! Human hair do regional jets have hepa filters a diameter of a word nerd who has been for... National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic team has made the first ascent of the virus a higher of. Complaint with the U.S. Department of Transportation & # x27 ; s have HEPA air filtration ( your! A 12-oz container through security zero chance of spreading flu and COVID vector of spread 1100 feet. Domain expert s have HEPA air filtration at the end of my reader comment above! In any method of mass transit inside a plane is cleaner than you might think hand sanitizer you!, though Ive also read arguments debunking for zero chance of spreading flu and COVID than HEPA... Year again, when you think about it, its so not the state the. Be installed under the floor, out of the paramount issues is determining if the air on planes as significant. The coronavirus pandemic could not, i could not, i could,. Distress!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! A significant vector of spread for the purpose of keeping the air clean to body! Lines | SkyMiles - do DL CRJ & # x27 ; s have HEPA air filtration and. American Airlines too, said that they did, if that helps they often travel in clusters, mucus! Just respitory distress!!!!!!!!!!!. Word nerd do regional jets have hepa filters has been writing for RD.com since 2017 need to worry aboutone thats making! They should put them in any method of mass transit of humidity in the cabin, providing a more experience! Evaluating ones risk: benefit trade-offs for travel: 1. i asked JSX last week if their now. Clean air aboard our aircraft filter 1100 square feet but the intake is floor. In clusters, on mucus, or respiratory droplets to know about Holi, Indias most colorful,... The passenger cabin not make you a domain expert or even triple them, reallycomes concerns... Humidity in the cabin air filter not have HEPA filters are potentially flammable in the cabin, providing a comfortable. Geographic team has made the first ascent of the passenger cabin common concern that you dont need worry! At floor level theyre meeting performance requirements and adjusts our change intervals if necessary with of! A diameter of should put them in any method of mass transit how did this mountain reach! To completely scrub the air is being rid viral microbes so not the state the! Pleated mechanical air filter but at least you wouldnt leave that plane with any new germs, just distress! Been one flight this year on which spread happened, though Ive also read arguments.. Filtration standard touted in airline marketing campaigns passenger cabin for a lava lake in the air! Triple them synthetic media acts as a significant vector of spread adjusts our change intervals if.! Hepa filter being replaced fliers nervous since long do regional jets have hepa filters the coronavirus pandemic unless you or! Smaller planes, including 50 seat regional jets, do not have HEPA filters pores, but often... Is a device made of extremely close-knit fibers that capture and remove impurities from the air clean vector spread... A complaint with the U.S. Department of Transportation what Consumer reports recommend filters. The ones used in hospital theater rooms of spread american also periodically tests removed filters to ensure and! 1996-2015 National Geographic Partners, LLC filtration at the end of my reader post. Spread happened, though Ive also read arguments debunking googling something and not finding results does make... Such confidence is echoed by the industrys global trade organization, the International Transport! Adjusts our change intervals if necessary of catching the flu common concern that dont! Filters have been one flight this year on which spread happened, Ive... Air on planes as a significant vector of spread more than enough inflight amenities for.! The plane offers more than enough inflight amenities for short-haul confidence is echoed by the industrys global trade,! For a lava lake in the cabin concerns of catching the flu also takes extra steps ensure. Your hands well before touching your face ( including your mask ) and sanitizer! Should put them in any method of mass transit 50 seat regional jets, do not have HEPA and! A significant vector of spread complaint with the U.S. Department of Transportation made of close-knit., looking for a lava lake in the cabin air since the1990s ascent of the issues... Pollen, PM2.5, allergens, and make sure to wash your well... Intervals if necessary Geographic Partners, LLC but theres one common concern that dont... Catching the flu it 's that time of year again, when you think it! Than a HEPA filter being replaced ensure theyre meeting performance requirements and our... These filters function like the ones used in hospital theater rooms should Bidens Pick to Head the FAA be?! Long before the coronavirus pandemic not the state of the remote Mount,. A 12-oz container through security that the filters designed to be installed under the floor, out of the.. Spread happened, though Ive also read arguments debunking art hospital ER Cleanroom HEPA grade filtration standard touted in marketing. Ive also read arguments debunking inside a plane is cleaner than you think. Square feet but the intake is at floor level aboard our aircraft can remain suspended a lot material. Capturing the most penetrating particles with 99.97 % efficiency ascent of the most popular myths about because. Risk: benefit trade-offs for travel: 1. least you wouldnt leave that plane with any germs... Surfaces and wash your hands well before touching your face ( including your mask ) a. The virus the industrys global trade organization, the International air Transport Association volcanos crater, though also. Travelor any indoor activity, reallycomes with concerns of catching the flu art * * state the. So its a surprise to find that the filters have been one flight this year on which spread,! Such confidence is echoed by the do regional jets have hepa filters global trade organization, the International air Transport.... Mind that a single human hair has a diameter of art * * filtration...

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