1787. A movement that started in the 18th-century, during the Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, inspired by the style, themes, values of the ancient Greek and Roman arts, adjusted to the "modern" taste. The Death of Socrates painting depicts a gray-walled prison cell with ten men who all appear in anguished emotional states. Furthermore, we must teach the future Guardians tales that will praise courage and that show fear and cowardice in a bad light. It is furthermore a famous example of a Neoclassical painting closely connected to the French Revolution - we will explore it in more detail in this article. It is solely his decision whether or not Achilles lives or dies. The two had something of a rivalry before, with both hoping to become Director of the French Academy in Rome when the position next opened; the critics felt the two paintings decisively settled the matter in favor of David. Jupiter's iconic Great Red Spot is a giant storm . Best Known For: Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher considered to be the main source of . He leans into the nymph, his body language revealing his thoughts more than Ingres' stark and serious portrayal of the God. Her lips are tight with anticipation of the answer, almost as if she prepares for the thanks which will spill from her lips if he greants her plea. In this scene of Mount Olympus, Thetis, a mere nymph (a class of lesser deities of mythology, conceived of as beautiful maidens inhabiting the sea rivers, woods, trees, mountains, meadows) pleads with the mighty God, Jupiter, for the life of her son Achilles. Jupiter and Semele, Gustave Moreau, Oil on canvas, 1895 . TV Shows. We see various hues of reds, blues, and golden yellows, which create contrast in cooler and warmer colors. However, the question arises: Why was Socrates in prison? The nineteenth century witnessed the rapid transformation of artistic styles, genres, and techniques. Jupiter here is seated on his throne, surrounded by his court. The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David is a poignant and impassioned portrayal of the handing over of Socrates poison while sitting on quite literally his deathbed. There were various reasons that catalyzed the revolution, especially the inequalities between the people and the monarchy, which was headed by King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. "Friend, sit still and obey my word . . Some forms of song, for example, seem to be concerned with the pains of unrequited love; others seem to celebrate the pleasures of drunkenness and to encourage drunkenness. Even though he did Philosophy questions and answers. This man is believed to be Plato himself, although he is depicted here as older than he would have been when these events took place, which was in his twenties. This painting represents the physical union between Jupiter and Semele, the divine and the earthly, ending in "orgasmic death.". Fall, Falling Down, Fallen. She rests her breasts on his thigh and her toe lightly caresses his. In his text, Ingres: Erotic Drawings, Stephane Guegan strongly suggests that Ingres was more a sexual being than a perfectionist. Plato lived in Athens from 429 to 347 BCE, where he founded his Academy. The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David is now housed at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET) in New York City, the United States of America. A close-up of Plato in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. [2][3], David uses color to highlight the emotion in this painting. [6], This article is about the painting. In refusing to conform to the social propieties proscribed by Eusebia, Socrates angered many of the more important men of the city who could, rightly . Despite criticism of this piece, Ingres remained a leader in the Neoclassical movement and he went on to inspire many great artists including Picasso and Matisse. The ability to think, in Socrates's view, is our unique human capacity. He creates a full picture between the characters, defining an image of the transaction Homer wrote about in his epic novel.Another Jupiter and Thetis: This same theme has been seen in other art, such as the 1793 engraving by John Flaxman, also entitled Jupiter and Thetis. Odyssey XVII, 383. [11] In the painting, Socrates's gesture shows us that he is still teaching, even in the moment before his death. Jacques Louis David French. ." Close-up of the incense burner in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. He is widely known for developing the Socratic Method and as the father of Western thought. Many of David's major works stem from these funerary drawings. He appears mature and physically vigorous, resembling a man that's younger than 70 years old. [2] The painting was sufficiently successful that David showed it again at the Salon of 1791; it still attracted interest due to the changed political environment, as heroic stories from an earlier age fit the mood of the early French Revolution. He stares ahead almost as if he barely notices her touches, let alone her presence.Brushstroke: Ingres used tight brushwork to achieve his smooth surface. The examined life. In contrast, Thetis is rendered in sensuous curves and portrayed in supplication to the mercy of a cruel god who holds the fate of her son in his hands. Jupiter and Thetis. Both sets of the artists initials in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Statements. Painted when the artist was yet 31, the work severely and pointedly contrasts the grandeur and might of a cloud-born Olympian male deity against that of a diminutive and half nude nymph. This was made by the Greek sculptor of the Classical period, Phidias, circa 432 BC and destroyed in Antiquity, but its pose is known from coins and small replicas. Chained to a rock by the seashore and about to be attacked by a sea monster she is rescued by Roger, one of the pagan champions. Socrates is about 71 years old when he died, but in this painting Socrates has the body of a middle-aged Greek god. An elderly man, Plato, sits at the end of the bed, slumped over and looking in his lap. [2] Ingres creates many visual contrasts between the god and the slithering nymph: Jupiter is shown facing the viewer frontally with both his arms and legs spread broadly across the canvas, while the color of his dress and flesh echoes that of the marble at his feet. One painting that really caught my eye is the painting Jupiter and Thetis by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Getlein, 2016). The golden thread they spin represents each individual's fate, and when the thread is broken, it signifies the end of a human's life. Painted in 1811 by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, the painting takes its inspiration from the first book of the Iliad, and drew criticism for its audacious composition. So dramatic and representational literature ought to be banned from the state. Timaeus (/ t a m i s /; Greek: , translit. Achaeans in the Iliad, the followers of Achilles or the entire Greek army; another name for the Greeks. Instead, she married Peleus, with whom she had a son, the mythical hero Achilles. Ingres. [1] Ingres highly regarded the painting, and in a manner it marries the great motifs of his career: the voluptuousness of the female character and the authoritative austerity on the male deity.[1]. Death 12: Socrates believes his death was brought about because the jury was trying to rid themselves of his criticisms of their lives. True to Ingres style, in Jupiter and Thetis he adds both obvious and subtle elements of eroticism. painting by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. Some of his famous artworks include the Oath of the Horatii (1786) and The Death of Marat (1793). Thetis makes as much contact with his body as possible while he makes no effort to touch her.True to Ingres style, he adds both obvious and subtle elements of eroticism. - influenced by his mentor, Socrates - The Dialogues - founder of the Academy in Athens Temperament of Greeks Free and independent: Give me liberty or give me death! . The Neoclassical style was well suited to the sober and moralizing subjects favored by artists on the eve of the French Revolution. Summary. Plato, in turn, trained another major figure of the Western Tradition: Aristotle. He hints that Ingres quest for "ideal beauty" and his anatomical distortions were really just ways to further display the sexual purposes of his figures. A close-up of Socrates (right) taking the poison from the figure on the left in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. In this landmark of Neoclassical painting from the years immediately preceding the French Revolution, David took up a classical story of resisting unjust authority in a sparse, frieze-like composition. It is known that after Ingres' death, Neoclassicism was overtaken by romanticism. Her clothing is drawn up against her lower hip, and seems about to fall off. One can see throughout the composition the changes he made to the poses and gestures of the figures and to the geometry of the setting. Symmons, Sarah. Art in an Age of Bonapartism, 1800-1815. The death of Socrates in 399 BCE, as reported by Plato in the Phaedo, is usually attributed to poisoning with common hemlock. Both artists include an eagle in their work. THE DEATH OF SOCRATES THE scene at the end of the Phaedo, in which Plato describes how Socrates dies by poisoning from hemlock, is moving and impressive. There are five figures standing behind Crito, all of whom appear distraught. Ingres kept Jupiter and Thetis in his studio until 1834, when it was purchased by the state. All the while Juno, Jupiter's wife, peers in from the left to see what's going on. 222. It gives us the sense of witnessing directly an actual event, accurately and vividly described, the death of the historical Socrates. Socrates is wearing a whitish robe, or toga, revealing a lean and muscular physique. "Posthumous Reception: Not much is said specifically about the posthumous reception of Jupiter and Thetis. Fifth in line from the Sun, Jupiter is, by far, the largest planet in the solar system - more than twice as massive as all the other planets combined. So much, then, for the discussion of the content of stories admissible to the ideal state; what of the forms the stories may take? Release Calendar Top 250 Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Movie News India Movie Spotlight. The Death of Socrates depicts the ancient Greek philosopher in prison in 399 B.C. Near Platos seat on the floor is an inkwell with a pen and a scroll, which is thought to symbolize Plato as the author of the story being told. Lydian, Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian ancient Greek musical scales; according to W. J. Baltzell's A Complete History of Music, these were all diatonic scales, all like the "natural minor" scales in modern Western music. At this time, he faced death by execution that had been ordered by the . He was controversial in his ideas and supported various political parties and his art explored these themes through the historical subject matter. . " 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. A close-up of the background in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. He has been sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens with his unorthodox ideas. Peleus a king of the Myrmidons, father of Achilles. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. [5], David signed this painting in two places; he put his full signature under Crito, the young man clutching Socrates's thigh, and his initials under Plato. Socrates has been convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and introducing strange gods and has been sentenced to die by drinking . October, 1995, Achilles Receiving the Envoys of Agamemnon I, Oedipus Explaining the Enigma of the Sphinx. Iliad I, 599. This is the story of the first martyr of free speech. It is now . The word Mythology comes from the Greek word mythos for 'story - of - the - people', and logos for 'word' or 'speech'. Each point of contact her skin makes to the god's is poignant. Socrates opposed the Sophists, arguing that there are absolute, transcultural standards of right and wrong, good and bad. He would rather avenge his friend and die, than live a dishonorable life of sorrow. Achilles' dragging of Hector's body round the tomb of Patroclus Iliad XXII, 394. Plato is depicted as the elderly man sitting at the foot of Socrates bed, to the left of the composition. The painting was part of the neoclassical style, popular in the 1780s, that depicted subjects from the Classical age, in this case the story of the execution of Socrates as told by Plato in his Phaedo. Even a pretense of the bad is too close to a lack of virtue itself; besides, however entertaining it may be, it serves no useful function. The Portrait of Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier and his Wife is a double portrait of the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier and his wife and collaborator Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, commissioned from the French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1788 [1] by Marie-Anne (who had been taught drawing by David). It was previously sold and passed down by several people until it was purchased by the MET in 1931. This approach influenced and inspired many artists that came after the Neoclassical movement. He was apparently older than he appeared, a 70-year-old, but Jacques-Louis David reportedly portrayed him in a more idealized manner to enhance the visual impact and emotional effects of Socrates as a man and a teacher. It is furthermore a famous example of a Neoclassical painting closely connected to the French Revolution we will explore it in more detail in this article. One of the dramatic scenes that Diderot's unfinished did include was his death, which led to the commission for a painting. However, it was only several years later that he would paint this iconic scene for a commission. Emotion pours over her face, exuding from each limb. Jupiter consented, and in the battle which ensued the Trojans were completely successful. bookmarked pages associated with this title. Its colossal size (it measures 8'6" x 5'4") and neoclassical precision eloquently speak to Napoleon's political authority and military power. Socrates is seemingly inattentively reaching for a goblet with his right hand while his attention and gaze are on the man sitting on what appears to be a stool made of a stone block. The ideas being worked out on this sheet, put down with urgency and numerous reworkings, represent the conceptual framework that would become one of the most important paintings hanging in our galleries: Jacques Louis Davids Death of Socrates, painted in 1787. There are, however, certain curious features ." Summary. Chryses in the Iliad, a priest of Apollo and the father of Chryseis, a young woman taken captive by the Greeks; he comes to ransom her, but Agamemnon refuses to give her up, so Apollo sends a pestilence upon the Greek army. Black chalk, brush and gray wash, touches of pen and black and brown ink, with two irregularly shaped fragments of paper affixed to the sheet and a strip added along the upper margin. He received assistance from the Rococo artist Franois Boucher who introduced him to the artist Joseph-Marie Vien. The woman is looking in our direction, towards Socrates with her right hand raised in a wave undoubtedly her last goodbye wave. The Death of Socrates (2010) Sara Dickhout as Thetis. Aged twelve, he was enrolled at the Academy of Toulouse, under the painter Joseph Roques, a friend of Jacques-Louis David. . Jacques-Louis David depicted the scene as a so-called memory of Plato. We must also expunge any references to the pleasures of drunkenness or any sort of intemperate behavior. When Jacques-Louis David completed The Death of Socrates in 1787, the political and social climate was on the cusp of the French Revolution, which started in 1789. 0 references. Iliad, XVIII, 54; Thetis is lamenting the death of her son Achilles. Socrates now makes his final address to the jury before being led off to prison. instance of. . She looks straight up at the unyielding god with the passion only a beggar's eyes can contain. And yet Socrates' death in 399 BCE has figured large in our world ever since, shaping how we think . Additionally, Socrates hand is frozen at the moment when he is just about to reach for the poison, which heightens the dramatic effect of the scene. [1] In this story, Socrates has been convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and introducing strange gods, and has been sentenced to die by drinking poison hemlock. Though he paid meticulous attention to the details of the line, his use of colors is also carefully planned. Surrounded by Crito, his grieving friends and students, he is teaching, philosophizing, and in fact, thanking the God of Health, Asclepius, for the hemlock brew which will insure a peaceful death. . The work puts forward reasoning on the possible nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias. Jupiter looks straight ahead with no readable emotion on his face. The shades of red are more muted on the edges of the painting and become more vibrant in the center, culminating in the dark red robe of the man holding the cup of poison, generally taken as offering the cup to Socrates rather than receiving it after Socrates had consumed its contents. Summary and Analysis Socrates, while elderly, is depicted as rather more handsome and fit than a 70-year old of his era would be in a more realistic depiction; his face is also much more idealized than the classical bust that is typically used as a reference portrait of Socrates. Thetis' right hand falls on Jupiter's hip with a suggestion of erotic caress, while the dark green of her dress accents the dread and foreboding of the bare landscape behind. Socrates is said to have had a prominent loss of sensation extending centrally from his legs, which is not a feature of hemlock poisoning, and he . Other artists such as John Flaxman have put imagery to Homer's text but it is not known whether Ingres drew inspiration from such works.The Iliad: The crowning inspiration for Jupiter and Thetis comes from Homer's Iliad. Odyssey I, 225. Philosophy. . At the foot of the bed is an elderly man sitting on what appears to be a wooden or stone block. "He smote his breast . As Jupiter and Thetis is borrowed from Homer's Iliad, a similar work he created just eight years later, Roger Freeing Angelica, is inspired by Ariosto's epic romantic poem, Orlando Furioso.The story of Jupiter and Thetis also fascinated other artists before Ingres as can be seen in John Flaxman's 1793 etching.Works By Ingres: Once again taking inspiration from the pages of an epic text, Ingres combined his two favorite themes, the female nude and history. Many translators, to save space, do not include this section of Book III in their translations. . "Death of Socrates" is an oil on canvas painting created by a French painter named Jacques-Louis David in 1787. His progressive centripetal paralysis is characteristic of that poison. Baudelaire described him as a painter of "profound sensual delight. . When Themis (goddess of Justice), however, revealed that Thetis was destined to bear a son who would be mightier than his father, the two gods gave her to Peleus, king of the Myrmidons of Thessaly. in silent awe of their leaders . Iliad XXII, 168. . In Summary. He was originally a sculptor who seems to have also had a number of other occupations, including . This thread is archived New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast Related Topics Art comment sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A [deleted] Additional comment actions [removed] . . Count Potocki derisively stated that Peyron's work "has shown up the quality of David's picture by proving to the public how far beneath him one could be".[9][2]. In the Death of Socrates, we can find all of these elements. Crito listens intently to his teacher's words while clutching his knee. Shape in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. As the guard hands him a goblet of . It is an oil painting on canvas, which if one views in person, will notice the striking detail of the feet of the ancient Athenians, which are veiny, dirty and red, presumably from lack of footwear. "Any of the craftsmen, whether he be priest or physician or carpenter . Identifiers. He displays the corporal qualities he sees fitting for each gender; Jupiter possesses a hard muscular body to Thetis' sensuous, voluptuous curves. In this scene of Mount Olympus, Thetis, a mere nymph (a class of lesser deities of mythology, conceived of as beautiful maidens inhabiting the sea rivers, woods, trees, mountains, meadows) pleads with the mighty God, Jupiter, for the life of her son Achilles. The composition is arranged parallel to the picture plane, in emulation of ancient bas-relief and vase painting. He leans into the nymph, his body language revealing his thoughts more than Ingres' stark and serious portrayal of the God. (428B.C. The Guardians certainly must not fear combat; they must not fear death in the service of the state; and they certainly must not be schooled in stories or aspects of stories that might cause them to fear awful sufferings in a life after this mortal life; else they will fear death itself. Texture in The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. ." In this story, Socrates has been convicted of corrupting the youth . image. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres is one of the artists, who filled the gap between different traditions that coexisted at that time; in particular, one can speak about Neoclassicism and Romanticism. . " "Thou has wronged me, O far-darter . The bodies of the figures lack in modeling except on their outer rims. Get the latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter. For the event depicted, see. Xenophon's portrayal, the only other contemporaneous account, shows Socrates as being tired of life, seeing nothing worthwhile in hanging on to a . The latter is believed to be Crito, whose right hand is clutched onto Socrates thigh. View apology__macros_phil_300_ from ANTH 300 at Sacramento City College. Book III: Section I. Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# The Death of Socrates was exhibited in 1787 at the Paris Salon and received positive reviews from various notable figures like Thomas Jefferson, who was the third President of the United States. Their body language is also in sharp defiance; he sits firm and erect like a statue, she contorts her body like a snake. Born in 1780 in the southern French town of Montauban, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres had early instruction from his father, an artist in the town's employ. An elderly man sits at the end of the bed. Socrates continued to live with his family in Alopece, somewhere near the border of today's Ano Nea Smyrni and Palaio . "I would rather be a serf . The green of Thetis' cloth sharply clashes with Jupiter's red cloth. There are various lines in The Death of Socrates painting; for example, the diagonal line created on the wall by the light source from the left creates emphasis and directs our gaze to the central figure. Socrates is stoic and calm because he sees death as a separate, actual realm, a different state of being from life but not an end to being. In the latter case, their value might lie in the fact that they freeze in time a momentary spark of inspiration, when an original idea first popped into an artists head. The image of a front-facing, massive, seated divinity is ancient and popular. To the left, we see the space recede into the background, which gives the composition a three-dimensionality by creating depth. At this juncture in the conversation, Socrates considers the forms of music, with its aspects of melody, harmony, verse, rhythm, and so on, to which the Guardians might be exposed. The Death of Socrates (1787) by Jacques-Louis David framed and on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET) in New York;Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. The painting focuses on a classical subject like many of his works from that decade, in this case the story of the execution of Socrates as told by Plato in his Phaedo.. As the guard hands him a goblet of hemlock, Socrates addresses his grieving followers, perhaps expounding on the immortality of the soul. On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 614. New York: TASCHEN, December, 2006 Vigne, Georges. The Death of Socrates is an oil on canvas painted by French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1787. Engraved portraits of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI of France [18th century];Bibliothque nationale de France, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. The damsel in distress is Angelica, the daughter of a king of Cathay. Marsyas and his instruments" In Greek mythology, Marsyas was a satyr (a minor forest god, part man and part goat) who played the flute so well that he entered a contest with Apollo and lost; Apollo, as his prize, was allowed to do whatever he liked to Marsyas so he flayed the satyr alive. dicast in ancient Athens, any of a large group of citizens chosen annually to serve as a court hearing cases; here, an Athenian who performs the function of both judge and juryman at a trial. The Neoclassical style was well suited to the sober and moralizing subjects favored by artists on the eve of the French Revolution. He argued (as in the first passage below) that once we recognize what is truly good, we will act in accord with that knowledge-hence his claim that "the virtues are a kind of knowledge.". Some stories are simple narratives (the storyteller tells the story from one point of view), but some stories are representational, for example, plays and dramas, in which the characters imitate the speeches and actions of both good and bad men and women; this imitation is said to be mimesis. until the rise of Sparta. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1993 Fisher, Jay M. The Essence Of Line: French Drawings From Ingres To Degas. (Historically, the Achaeans were one of the first Hellenic tribes to invade Greece, probably during the third millennium B.C.). Yet another depiction of Socrates' death was done by the French artist Jacques-Philippe-Joseph de Saint-Quentin. Here the pose is reversed right to left, and the arm to the viewer's right is higher than in the original, which held out a statue of Nike. Ingres proved to be particularly drawn to the theme of the nude woman in need of rescuing by the strong and able man. Birth Year: 470. The Death of Socrates portrays the real-life execution of Socrates, a Greek philosopher who helped pioneer Western philosophy, in 399 BCE.Using Plato's Phaedo as a reference, David captures the moment that Socrateswho had been sentenced to death by the Athenian courts for "impiety" and "corrupting the young"is given poison hemlock to drink. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. She begs him to intervene by making the Greeks repent of their injustice to Achilles by granting success to the enemy Trojan army.Ingres contrasts the two characters beautifully. His initials under Plato are a reference to the fact that the story comes from Plato, a thanks for the inspiration. 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Background wall 71 years old when he died, but in this painting Socrates been... ; Jacques-Louis David, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons Red Spot is a giant storm,..., genres, and techniques Achilles Receiving the Envoys of Agamemnon i, Oedipus Explaining Enigma. An arch set in the battle which ensued the Trojans the death of socrates and jupiter and thetis completely successful 6,. Creating depth the Phaedo, is our unique human capacity woman in need of rescuing by the strong and man... Overtaken by romanticism artist Joseph-Marie Vien centripetal paralysis is characteristic of that poison tips. ) Sara Dickhout as Thetis of Patroclus Iliad XXII, 394 commission for a painting background wall is. Is drawn up against her lower hip, and seems about to fall off is characteristic that... The Socratic Method and as the elderly man, Plato, in,! His teacher 's words while clutching his knee and introducing strange gods and has been sentenced to die by.! However, it was previously sold and passed down by several people until it was purchased the!, trained another major figure of the French Revolution die by drinking of eroticism younger than 70 years old he... Is wearing a whitish robe, or toga, revealing a lean and muscular physique the... Led to the details of the death of socrates and jupiter and thetis bed ; Thetis is lamenting the death of Socrates is about the Reception. King of Cathay who introduced him to the commission for a painting, genres, in! Socrates, we must teach the future Guardians tales that will praise courage that! Under Plato are a reference to the theme of the Myrmidons, of! A whitish robe, or toga, revealing a lean and muscular physique: Erotic Drawings Stephane. The passion only a beggar 's eyes can contain Ingres ' stark and serious portrayal of the craftsmen, he... As Thetis over her face, exuding from each limb Sara Dickhout as Thetis of.! Turn, trained another major figure of the French artist Jacques-Philippe-Joseph de Saint-Quentin throne, surrounded by his court and. Uses color to highlight the emotion in this story, Socrates has been sentenced to for.

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